Chapter 3

Describe the three stages of the birth process. What are the typical durations of each stage?

Name two common types of birth complications and explain how they can be overcome by cesarean delivery.

Compare and contrast cultural practices and medical methods for easing the birth process. How are traditional and modern/developed cultures similar in their methods? How are they different?

Describe the differences in maternal and neonatal mortality between developed countries and developing countries.

Describe the differences in maternal and neonatal mortality within the U.S., over time. Why is neonatal mortality decreasing but maternal mortality increasing?

What are the five aspects of the Apgar scale? Name each aspect and what the evaluator is assessing. How does the evaluator arrive at the score?

When do we use the Apgar scale? What do the total scores mean?

What are the four aspects of the Brazelton scale? Name each aspect and what the evaluator is assessing. How does the evaluator arrive at the score?

When do we use the Brazelton scale?

Identify the three neonatal classifications for low birth weight.

Describe the causes of low birth weight in developing and in developed countries.

Describe the consequences and major treatments of low birth weight.

Describe neonates’ patterns of waking and sleeping. How many hours (in 24) do neonates sleep? What percentage is REM sleep? How and why do sleep practices differ across cultures?

Describe neonatal reflexes. Specifically, be able to describe/recognize the Moro, rooting, and grasping reflex. What do they look like? When do they disappear?

Describe cross-cultural (including within the U.S.) rates of breast-feeding. What are some of the correlates of higher rates of breast-feeding in the U.S.?

Identify the advantages of breast-feeding, both to the baby and to the mother. How do the advantages to baby change, depending on type of living environment?

What is the recommended duration for mothers to breast-feed?

What is “colic”? What can happen if you shake a baby?

Describe the signs/symptoms of postpartum depression. What are the correlates of postpartum depression and baby behavior?

Key terms to define/understand

episiotomy

breech presentation

cesarean delivery (c-section)

epidural

neonate

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

swaddling

colic

postpartum depression